Design and Performance Evaluation of a Compact Four-Port mmWave MIMO Patch Antenna Integrates MQTT Protocol at 6.6 GHz in 5G Applications
| Authors | Kumutha Duraisamy1 , Sundresan Perumal2 |
| Affiliations |
1Post-Doctoral Fellowship, University Sains Islam Malaysia, 71800, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia 2Faculty of Science and Technology, University Sains Islam Malaysia, 71800, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia |
| Е-mail | kumutha.d@jeppiaarinstitute.org |
| Issue | Volume 18, Year 2026, Number 2 |
| Dates | Received 15 February 2026; revised manuscript received 22 April 2026; published online 29 April 2026 |
| Citation | Kumutha Duraisamy, Sundresan Perumal, J. Nano- Electron. Phys. 18 No 2, 02010 (2026) |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.21272/jnep.18(2).02010 |
| PACS Number(s) | 73.61.Jc, 71.20.Mq, 88.40.jj, 88.40.hj |
| Keywords | MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output), Microstrip patch antenna, 6.6 GHz frequency, Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC), IoT (Internet of Things), MQTT protocol. |
| Annotation |
This work presents the design and performance evaluation of a compact four-port mmwave MIMO microstrip patch antenna operating at 6.6 GHz, with substrate dimensions of 18.8 16.7 mm2, implemented on FR4 epoxy. Each patch element measures 9.2 7.1 mm2 and is optimized for high isolation and low return loss. The antenna is analyzed in terms of S-parameters, confirming return loss (S11 – 10 dB) and port-to-port isolation (S21, S31, etc. – 15 dB), ensuring minimal inter-element coupling for efficient MIMO operation. MIMO performance is assessed through computation of the Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC 0.01), Diversity Gain (DG ≈ 10 dB), and Total Active Reflection Coefficient (TARC – 10 dB), demonstrating high channel independence and diversity capability. The group delay is analyzed across the operational band, exhibiting a flat response that supports low-latency data transmission. The antenna’s radiation efficiency and gain are evaluated at 27 GHz to assess compatibility with mm Wave applications, with total efficiency exceeding 65% and gain values supporting practical integration in high-speed wireless systems. Additionally, the antenna integrates with the MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) protocol stack to facilitate real-time performance monitoring and low-latency communication in IoT and 5G scenarios. The results confirm the suitability of the proposed antenna for compact, high-performance MIMO systems with IoT connectivity via MQTT. |
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List of References |
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