Material Dependent Variations in Nanoparticle Mediated Sensitization of Proton Irradiation
| Authors | P. William1 , A. Verma2 , M. Almakki3, A.V. Brahmane4, V.R. Sonawane5, Sharmila6 |
| Affiliations |
1Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India 2Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shri Shankaracharya Institute of Professional Management & Technology, Raipur, India 3School of Engineering, Architecture and Interior Design, Amity University Dubai, P.O. Box 345019, Dubai International Academic City, United Arab Emirates 4Department of Computer Engineering, Sanjivani College of Engineering, Kopargaon, MH, India 5Department of Information Technology, Pune Vidyarthi Griha’s College of Engineering & Shrikrushna S. Dhamankar Institute of Management, Nashik, India 6Department of ECE, Raj Kumar Goel Institute of Technology, Ghaziabad, India |
| Е-mail | williamacads@gmail.com |
| Issue | Volume 18, Year 2026, Number 2 |
| Dates | Received 03 February 2026; revised manuscript received 18 April 2026; published online 29 April 2026 |
| Citation | P. William, A. Verma, et al., J. Nano- Electron. Phys. 18 No 2, 02023 (2026) |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.21272/jnep.8(2).02023 |
| PACS Number(s) | 87.55.Gh, 87.55.K – |
| Keywords | Proton beam therapy, Nanoparticle radio sensitization, Material-dependent variations, Monte Carlo (Geant4-DNA) simulation, 3D tumor organoids, Multi-omics profiling. |
| Annotation |
Proton beam therapy is a promising modality for cancer treatment, offering high precision in dose delivery with minimal collateral damage. However, its therapeutic efficiency can be significantly enhanced through Nanoparticle (NPs) mediated sensitization, which strongly depends on the material properties of the NPs. This research investigates material-dependent variations in sensitization by combining computational and experimental approaches. A library of NPs, including noble metals (Au, Pt), transition metal oxides (TiO2, Fe3O4), and hybrid composites (Au-TiO2), was evaluated. Proton-NP interactions were modelled at the nanoscale using Monte Carlo-based Geant4-DNA simulations to predict secondary electron and radical yields, particularly for Au-TiO2 hybrids. To mimic realistic tumor microenvironments, 3D tumor organoids were employed as biological models instead of conventional 2D cultures. Human-derived 3D tumor organoids were used to reproduce realistic tumor microenvironments. Proton irradiation generated Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) formation, which was quantified by fluorescence assays, along with DNA double-strand break detection (-H2AX and 53BP1). Proton irradiation (2-5 Gy) tests verified material-dependent ROS production, including Au-TiO2 (18.2 M, 180 %), Pt (15.6 M, 156 %), and Au (12.8 M, 128 %), standardized for surface area. Overall, the research presents a novel integrative framework for evaluating material-dependent variations in NP-mediated proton therapy sensitization. |
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List of References |
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