Theoretical Aspects and Engineering Approaches to Energy-Saving Liquid Atomization Technologies

This article explores modern approaches to liquid atomization with a focus on energy efficiency, enhanced interfacial heat and mass transfer, and a deeper understanding of the physical nature of the liquid state. Particular attention is given to the concept of the hole structure of liquids as a key factor influencing the disintegration mechanisms during atomization. The study examines how fundamental liquid properties - such as density, viscosity, and specific heat capacity – affect multiphase interactions in liquid-gas systems, which are crucial for the performance of various industrial processes. The paper reviews major atomization methods, including static and centrifugal nozzles, emphasizing their ability to generate droplets of con-trolled dispersity while minimizing energy consumption. The role of nozzle geometry and flow parameters in reducing energy demand without compromising atomization quality is critically assessed. Additionally, the potential of thin-film atomization technologies is highlighted, as they enable uniform droplet distribution and significantly improve heat and mass transfer efficiency. Based on current scientific literature, physical-technical models, and experimental findings, the study presents a comparative analysis of energy-saving atomization technologies. The importance of an interdisciplinary approach is underlined – one that integrates the physics of liquids with design and operational considerations of atomizing systems. The results support the development of next-generation atomization methods that offer both economic advantages and environmental sustainability for industrial applications. This opens up the possibility not only to extend the service life of sprayers in difficult conditions, but also to increase the overall efficiency of cooling systems, which is strategically important for ensuring the reliability of modern equipment.