Design and Implementation of a Tree Fractal Biosensor Antenna System for Wireless Remote Patient Monitoring

This work presents an innovative integration of an NRF24L01+ module with a tree fractal antenna, specifically engineered for enhanced wireless biomedical communication in the 2.5 GHz band. The proposed design achieves superior range and sensitivity through optimized antenna geometry and strategic placement, validated using mini VNA testing. A distinguishing feature is the dual functionality of the antenna as both a communication device and a biosensor, demonstrating a sensitivity of 0.1037 GHz/RIU for disease detection and patient monitoring. The design incorporates fractal geometry principles to achieve multiband capabilities while maintaining a compact form factor, making it ideal for wearable medical applications. When integrated with an Arduino-based system, the setup enables real-time physiological data acquisition and transmission with high reliability, supported by custom software for data processing and visualization. The NRF24L01+ module, featuring an external SMA antenna and adjustable transmission power up to + 20 dBm, achieves a remarkable sensitivity of – 92 dBm and supports long-range communication up to 800 m under optimal conditions. The complete system operates with minimal power consumption while maintaining data security, making it particularly valuable for continuous remote patient monitoring in quarantine scenarios. Experimental results show excellent agreement between simulated and measured performance, with the fabricated antenna achieving a return loss of – 50.08 dB at 2.5 GHz, demonstrating its efficiency for biomedical applications. This integration marks a significant advancement in wireless biosensor technology, offering a practical solution for next-generation medical telemetry applications while addressing the growing demand for reliable remote health monitoring systems.