Effect of Bi Doping on the Optical and Structural Properties of ZnO Thin Films: Role of Urbach Energy and Mechanical Stress
| Authors | S.I. Shulyma1, N.A. Kurgan1, V.Kh. Kasyanenko2,1, V.L. Karbivskyy1, V.V. Stonis1, N.O. Zueva1, O.A. Puzko1, L.P. Kliuienko1, O.I. Sobolev1 |
| Affiliations |
1G.V. Kurdyumov Institute for Metal Physics NAS of Ukraine, 03142 Kyiv, Ukraine 2Vinnytsia National Technical University, 21021 Vinnytsia, Ukraine |
| Е-mail | kurgan@imp.kiev.ua |
| Issue | Volume 18, Year 2026, Number 3 |
| Dates | Received 20 February 2026; revised manuscript received 14 June 2026; published online 26 June 2026 |
| Citation | S.I. Shulyma, N.A. Kurgan, V.Kh. Kasyanenko, et al., J. Nano- Electron. Phys. 18 No 3, 03010 (2026) |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.21272/jnep.18(3).03010 |
| PACS Number(s) | 68.55.J –, 68.37.Hk, 07.85.Jy, 52.70.Gw, 52.70.Kz |
| Keywords | ZnO thin films, Radiofrequency magnetron sputtering, Optical properties (22) , Structural properties (9) , Urbach energy (3) , Mechanical stresses. |
| Annotation |
The effect of Bi dopant concentration on the optical and structural properties of ZnO thin films synthesized by radio-frequency magnetron sputtering was investigated, with particular emphasis on Urbach energy and internal mechanical stress. An increase in Bi concentration in ZnO films was found to be accompanied by enhanced mechanical stress, attributed to local lattice distortions. These distortions may arise from the substitution of Zn2+ ions by larger Bi3+ ions or from the formation of a secondary Bi2O3 phase, both of which induce internal stresses development in the films. It was established that at low Bi concentrations (up to 1.8 at.%), mechanical stress does not significantly affect the diameter of the nanocolumns. However, at higher concentrations ( 5 at.%), lateral growth is inhibited, resulting in a reduction in nanocolumn diameter. It was shown that the Urbach energy of Bi-doped ZnO films is significantly higher than that of undoped samples, indicating a broadening of localized states tails due to bismuth doping. Although macroscopic mechanical stress affects the Urbach energy, its non-monotonic dependence on Bi concentration is primarily governed by other factors, particularly local electrostatic potential fluctuations and the disorientation of the nanocolumnar structure. |
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List of References |
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