Some Types of Carbon-based Nanomaterials as Contrast Agents for Photoacoustic Tomography

Authors	Kateryna Dubyk¹^,², Lesia Chepela¹, Sergei Alekseev¹^,², Andrey Kuzmich¹^,², Boris Zousman³, Olga Levinson³, Aleksey Rozhin⁴, Alain Geloen⁵, Mykola Isaiev⁶, Vladimir Lysenko⁷^,⁸
Affiliations	¹Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 64/13, Volodymyrska St., 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine ²Science Park Kyiv Taras Shevchenko University, 60, Volodymyrska St., 01033 Kyiv, Ukraine ³Ray Techniques Ltd, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O.B. 39162, Israel ⁴Aston Institute of Photonic Technologies, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, United Kingdom ⁵University of Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, UMR INSERM 1060, INSA de Lyon, University of Lyon, 69361 Lyon, France ⁶Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LEMTA (UMR 7563), Nancy, F-54000, France ⁷Nanotechnology Institute of Lyon (INL), UMR CNRS 5270, University of Lyon, 69361 Lyon, France ⁸Light Matter Institute, UMR-5306, Claude Bernard University of Lyon/CNRS, Université de Lyon 69622 Villeurbanne cedex, France
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Issue	Volume 12, Year 2020, Number 4
Dates	Received 29 April 2020; revised manuscript received 20 August 2020; published online 25 August 2020
Citation	Kateryna Dubyk, Lesia Chepela, Sergei Alekseev, et al., J. Nano- Electron. Phys. 12 No 4, 04033 (2020)
DOI	https://doi.org/10.21272/jnep.12(4).04033
PACS Number(s)	81.05.Uw, 42.30.Wb
Keywords	Carbon nanomaterials, Tissue phantoms, 3D imaging, Photoacoustic tomography.
Annotation	This paper is devoted to the study of various carbon-based nanomaterials as photoacoustic contrast agents. The research work was performed on agarose-based tissue phantom containing inclusions with and without carbon-based nanomaterials. The inclusion was created with the higher density compared to phantom in order to simulate a tumor. A specially designed photoacoustic probe was introduced for measuring a level of photoacoustic signal and its enhancement caused by the nanoinclusions presence. The probe consists of a buffer for time separation of the signal coming from the excitation source, piezoelectric transducer, and amplifier. A point-by-point measurement of the signal was performed to obtain a two-dimensional map from magnitude of photoacoustic signal and phase delay of the signal registration. From phase delay the 3D photoacoustic images were reconstructed by evaluation of the depth coordinate based on the tissue sound velocity. As an excitation source the light radiation from Nd:YAG laser with a 16 ns pulse duration and a 1064 nm wavelength was used. Firstly, we considered tissue phantom with a tumor covered by graphene oxide as a reference one. It has been shown that the use of graphene oxide leads to significant improvement of the image contrast. Further, the tumors labelled with nanodiamonds (NDs) and carbon fluoroxide (CFO) nanoparticles (NPs) were studied systematically. Amplitude of the photoacoustic signals registered from such tumor phantoms are one order of magnitude lower than the signal ensured by graphene oxide. All three types of the studied carbon-based nanomaterials (GO, NDs, CFO) give stable photoacoustic signal, this allows to consider them as good candidates for further in-vitro experiments in photoacoustic imaging for biological applications. The dependences of the signal level as a function of the NPs concentration were measured for types of NPs. Considering much more efficient penetration of NDs and CFO NPs inside the cells as well as their extremely low cytotoxicity, these both types of carbon nanomaterials could be used for further in-vivo experiments.
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